Questions assessing comparative judgments are often phrased as directed comparisons, that is, a stimulus A (subject) is to be compared to a stimulus B (referent); for example, "Is tennis more exciting ...

Nobody familiar with American medical care in the 21st century should be surprised that a 73-year-old woman can be minutes away from getting a painful collapsed vertebra filled with liquid plastic and ...

Pain shapes survival, behavior, and welfare across species, yet many key questions about how pain starts, persists, and ...